Nuclear Physics in Norway, 1933–1955

In the late 1940s and the 1950s, Norwegian nuclear scientists, engineers, and administrators were deeply split over their nation’s goals, organization, politics, and tools for research in nuclear physics. One faction was determined to build a nuclear reactor in Norway, while another fiercely opposed the reactor plans and focused on particle accelerators. The first faction comprised scientific entrepreneurs and research technologists, the second academic scientists, most of whom began their research careers in nuclear physics in the 1930s. To understand this conflict, I trace the development of nuclear research in Norway from the early 1930s to the mid-1950s, placing it within an international context. Roland Wittje is working on his habilitation thesis in the History of Science Unit at the University of Regensburg, Germany.     

Languages for Statistics and Data Analysis

Abstract

Languages for data analysis and statistics must be able to cover the entire spectrum from improvisation and fast prototyping to the implementation of streamlined, specialized systems for routine analyses. Such languages must not only be interactive but also programmable, and the distinctions between language, operating system, and user interface get blurred. The issues are discussed in the context of natural and computer languages, and of the different types of user interfaces (menu, command language, batch). It is argued that while such languages must have a completely general computing language kernel, they will contain surprisingly few items specific to data analysis—the latter items more properly belong to the “literature” (i.e., the programs) written in the language.     

Robot learning schemes that trade motion accuracy for command simplification

This study was inspired by the human motor control system in its ability to accommodate a wide variety of motions. By contrast, the biologically inspired robot learning controller usually encounters huge learning space problems in many practical applications. A hypothesis for the superiority of the human motor control system is that it may have simplified the motion command at the expense of motion accuracy. This tradeoff provides an insight into how fast and simple control can be achieved when a robot task does not demand high accuracy. Two motion command simplification schemes are proposed in this paper based on the equilibrium-point hypothesis for human motion control. Investigation into the tradeoff between motion accuracy and command simplification reported in this paper was conducted using robot manipulators to generate signatures. Signature generation involves fast handwriting, and handwriting is a human skill acquired via practice. Because humans learn how to sign their names after they learn how to write, in the second learning process, they somehow learn to trade motion accuracy for motion speed and command simplicity, since signatures are simplified forms of original handwriting. Experiments are reported that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.     

Determinism in Free Bosons

It is shown how to map the quantum states of a system of free Bose particles one-to-one onto the states of a completely deterministic model. It is a classical field theory with a large (global) gauge group.     

Gauge fields and D-branes

We prove that self-dual gauge fields in type I superstring theory are equivalent to configurations of Dirichlet 5-branes, by showing that the world-sheet theory of a Dirichlet 1-brane moving in a background of 5-branes includes an “ADHM sigma model”. This provides an explicit construction of the equivalent self-dual gauge field. We also discuss type II.     

指挥与控制（C￣2）的—种模糊决策算法

指挥与控制（Ｃ~２）系统是Ｃ~３Ｉ系统的核心部分。本文在分析了军事指挥控制（Ｃ~２）过程中决策制订过程的基础上，认为军事决策过程以及其它类似的决策过程中都包含了一种先由精确到模糊而后又由模糊到精确的信息处理过程。文中对模糊效用决策理论进行了扩展，用于描述上述军事决策过程，建立了一个指挥控制过程的模糊决策模型。     

Optimal tactics for close support operations: Part VI,summary of numerical results

A new generation of C³ (command, control, and communication) models for military cybernetics has been developed in recent papers. Recursive equations for the solution of the C³-problem have been derived for an amphibious campaign with linear time-varying dynamics. Air and ground commanders are assumed to have different modes of intelligence and communications. Numerical results are summarized, and the relative importance of intelligence and communications is discussed.     

基于CAS理论的指挥自动化系统

分析了指挥自动化系统的复杂性，提出了应用自适应复杂系统理论的基于智能主体的自适应指挥自动化系统的体系结构，并对多主体系统的组织结构进行了分析和设计。     

应力和位移约束下的板壳结构截面优化

将准则法和数学规划法相结合，根据满应力准则将应力约束化为动态下限，借助单位虚载荷法将位移约束转化为设计变量的近似显函数，建立了满足应力和位移约束的优化模型. 为了解决多变量的大型优化问题，根据对偶理论将上千设计变量的优化模型转化为几个变量的对偶模型，并通过二次规划求解. 以MSC/Nastran软件为结构分析的求解器，借助MSC/Patran软件为开发平台，完成了板壳结构截面优化程序. 程序完全和Patran及Nastran融为一体，在Patran中建立模型，利用Nastran分析计算，根据优化结果对设计变量调整，再用Nastran进行结构重分析，反复迭代直到结构重量收敛. 算例表明程序的合理性和有效性，能够满足工程设计的需要.     

板壳结构满应力设计及在MSC/Nastran软件上的实现

根据满应力准则和板壳结构的应力与内力的关系,推导了求解板壳结构满应力设计的迭代关系式。采用无量纲设计变量实现变量连接,一个设计变量可以控制多个不同厚度的单元,扩大了程序的适用范围。在MSC/Nastran软件的基础上开发了适用于多工况、多变量的板壳满应力优化程序。利用Nastran的开放性,借助Pat-ran提供的PCL(Patran Command Language)开发环境,程序完全和Patran及Nastran融为一体。首先在Patran中建立有限元模型,利用Nastran进行有限元分析,按照满应力准则对设计变量调整,然后再次利用Nastran进行分析,这样反复迭代直到结构重量收敛。数值算例表明算法的可靠性、精确性和高效性,程序能够满足工程实际需要。